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Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) – Uses, Side Effects, Mechanism of Action, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) – Uses, Side Effects, Mechanism of Action, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) is a nitrofuran-class antibiotic used primarily for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. It is not effective for systemic infections or pyelonephritis due to poor tissue penetration. Nitrofurantoin works by disrupting bacterial enzymes critical for protein, DNA, RNA, and cell wall synthesis, reducing resistance development. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, while serious risks include pulmonary toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, and hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient patients. Typical dosages include 100 mg twice daily for 5–7 days for UTIs and 50–100 mg once daily for prophylaxis. Renal impairment, pregnancy near term, and chronic use require caution due to increased toxicity risks. Interactions with antacids, probenecid, and live bacterial vaccines can reduce effectiveness or increase side effects.
#nitrofurantoin #macrobid #macrodantin #aratoin #furadantin #nitrofurantoinsideeffects
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