The main types of penicillins are: penicillinase-resistant penicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, natural penicillins, aminopenicillins.

Narrow spectrum penicillins (beta-lactamase sensitive, beta-lactamase resistant) and broad spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, ureidopenicillins) are known.

The main representatives of aminopenicillins are: amoxicillin, ampicillin, pivampicillin, getacillin, bacampicillin, metampicillin, talampicillin, epicillin.

Ampicillin is a white, crystalline powder. Molar mass: 349 g/mol (ampicillin trihydrate, C16H19N3O4S) and 371 g/mol (ampicillin sodium salt, C16H18N3NaO4S), melting point: 208 °C (with decomposition). Solubility in water: 10.1 g/l.

Ampicillin has a lot of names (more than 100).

The composition of ampicillin (sodium salt) includes the following chemical elements: carbon (51.8%), oxygen (17.3%), nitrogen (11.3%), sulfur (8.6%), sodium (6.2% ), hydrogen (4.9%).

This antibiotic was discovered in 1958 in the UK, in 1961 it began to be sold in pharmacies, and in 1970, along with co-trimoxazole, it replaced the more toxic chloramphenicol (levomycetin).

If ampicillin is considered a very cheap and affordable antibiotic, then for laboratory tests the used analogue can cost 15,000 times more!

This antibiotic is produced under the guise of trihydrate (for oral administration, slightly soluble in water) and sodium salt (for parenteral administration, highly soluble in water).

Solutions of this antibiotic are quickly inactivated. It does not cause noticeable irritation to tissues, does not accumulate in tissues, and is slightly toxic even at high doses.

It is acid-resistant and does not bind to blood proteins, but is destroyed by penicillin-resistant bacteria under the influence of penicillinase.

Introduced into the body ampicillin is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and rapidly distributed in the organs and tissues of the body, as well as in fluids. Partially destroyed in the stomach and intestines.

After administration, it reaches a therapeutic dose in 1-2 hours, and the effect lasts up to 6 hours. With parenteral administration, it is possible to obtain a higher concentration of the drug in the blood, but it is excreted faster.

With intramuscular injection, maximum concentrations are obtained after 30-60 minutes, but with intravenous administration - after 15-20 minutes.

The drug is well distributed in pleural, peritoneal and synovial fluids, while in sputum it is found in less small concentrations due to its destruction by enzymes.

In inflamed areas of the lungs, the content of ampicillin is higher compared to healthy areas.

In bone tissue, concentrations are found to be 50% lower than in the blood, but high concentrations are observed in the kidneys and liver. Found in the prostate gland.

In the blood of infants, ampicillin concentrations are 50% higher than in older children.

The antibiotic is excreted from the body mainly through the kidneys, in the urine observed in very high concentrations. With problems with the kidneys, it is partially excreted in the bile.

The antimicrobial effect of ampicillin is seen on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus (sensitive to penicillin), streptococcus, and pneumococcus.

Many microorganisms are sensitive to this medicine: gonococcus, meningococcus, enterococcus, listeria, gas gangrene clostridium, escherichia, salmonella, causative agents of typhoid fever, shigella, some Klebsiella and Proteus, hemophilic bacillus influenza, staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus.

Ampicillin-resistant microorganisms are: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some strains of Klebsiella, many strains of Proteus, causative agents of tularemia.

Ampicillin is characterized by a similar spectrum of action as tetracyclines and levomycetin, but is less toxic. It acts mainly on multiplying bacteria and on bacteria located inside the cells.

Ampicillin should be used only if the pathogen is sufficiently sensitive. It is of low toxicity and can be used in doses higher than usual and for a long time (for chronic pyelonephritis and septic endocarditis).

Can be used by pregnant women and infants due to low toxicity.

It is used for septic infections and for various purulent-inflammatory surgical and gynecological infections, for listeriosis, endocarditis, for some forms of meningitis, for typhoid fever.

The main side effects are: rash, intestinal dysbacteriosis, headache, depression, arthralgia.

Contraindications for ampicillin are the same as for other pencillins. It is irrational to use ampicillin in staphylococcal infections and caution is required in case of impaired liver function.

Attention! This material is for informational purposes only. Before using any methods and means of treatment, it is recommended to consult a doctor!

#ampicillin #penicillin #antibiotics #aminopenicillins

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