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An In-depth Analysis of Nitrofurantoin: A Key Antibiotic for UTIs cas: 67-20-9
Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic medication used to treat and prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain types of bacteria. It is not effective against kidney infections.
Mechanism of Action:
Nitrofurantoin works by damaging bacterial DNA, which inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria. It is bactericidal at therapeutic doses.
Medical Uses:
Primary Use: Treatment of uncomplicated UTIs caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Prophylaxis: Prevention of UTIs in those who have frequent infections or those who are undergoing certain medical procedures.
Not Recommended: For the treatment of pyelonephritis (kidney infections) or prostatitis because it achieves insufficient concentrations in the kidney and prostate, respectively.
Side Effects:
While Nitrofurantoin is generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience side effects. Common side effects include:
Nausea
Headache
Loss of appetite
Diarrhea
In rare cases, it can cause more severe side effects like lung problems, liver problems, and peripheral neuropathy.
Contraindications:
Nitrofurantoin should not be used in individuals with:
A known hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin
Significant kidney dysfunction
History of chronic pulmonary reactions to nitrofurantoin
At term of pregnancy (38–42 weeks gestation), during labor and delivery, or when the onset of labor is imminent
Pharmacology:
Nitrofurantoin is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed into the tissues and fluids. It is excreted in the urine, concentrating in the urine at therapeutic levels.
History:
Nitrofurantoin was discovered in 1952 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1953. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, indicating that it is one of the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.
Formulations:
It is available in various formulations, including capsules, tablets, and a liquid suspension.
Resistance:
Bacterial resistance to nitrofurantoin has remained relatively low and is linked to the drug's unique mechanism of action.
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