#pharmahotspot! Easy Fast Bpharm lecture on pharmacology of antibiotics
Antibiotics, also known as antibacterials, are a group of drugs used to treat various infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotics work by either selectively killing (bactericidal) or inhibiting the growth (bacteriostatic) of bacteria. This pharmacology lecture covers topics such as classification of antibiotics; cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Mycobacteria; mechanism of action and side effects of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors: Beta-lactams (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams), Beta-lactamases (Avibactam, Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam), Fosfomycin, Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Antimycobacterial drugs (Isoniazid, Ethambutol), mechanism of action and side effects of Cell Membrane Integrity Disruptors: Daptomycin, Polymyxins.

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0:00 Intro
2:02 Bacterial cell wall structure
3:02 Beta-lactams & Beta-lactamases
6:18 Enzymatic steps of cell wall synthesis
8:24 Fosfomycin, Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Bacitracin
11:38 Mycobacterial cell wall inhibitors
14:24 Cell membrane integrity disruptors

Simethicone is an anti-flatulent agent that reduces gas entrapment within stomach and colon. This polymer acts as surfactant that reduces surface tension of gas bubbles thereby prevent the pressure and pain developed with in the stomach and colon.

Bactrim is a combination antibiotic that consists of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Bactrim can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections including urinary tract infections, ear infections, meningitis and septicemia.

Bactrim side effects are associated with the use of Bactrim. Some of the most common side effects include: BACTRIM SIDE EFFECTS 💊 what is bactrim used for - ForoTube

The main types of penicillins are: penicillinase-resistant penicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, natural penicillins, aminopenicillins.

Narrow spectrum penicillins (beta-lactamase sensitive, beta-lactamase resistant) and broad spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, ureidopenicillins) are known.

The main representatives of aminopenicillins are: amoxicillin, ampicillin, pivampicillin, getacillin, bacampicillin, metampicillin, talampicillin, epicillin.

Ampicillin is a white, crystalline powder. Molar mass: 349 g/mol (ampicillin trihydrate, C16H19N3O4S) and 371 g/mol (ampicillin sodium salt, C16H18N3NaO4S), melting point: 208 °C (with decomposition). Solubility in water: 10.1 g/l.

Ampicillin has a lot of names (more than 100).

The composition of ampicillin (sodium salt) includes the following chemical elements: carbon (51.8%), oxygen (17.3%), nitrogen (11.3%), sulfur (8.6%), sodium (6.2% ), hydrogen (4.9%).

This antibiotic was discovered in 1958 in the UK, in 1961 it began to be sold in pharmacies, and in 1970, along with co-trimoxazole, it replaced the more toxic chloramphenicol (levomycetin).

If ampicillin is considered a very cheap and affordable antibiotic, then for laboratory tests the used analogue can cost 15,000 times more!

This antibiotic is produced under the guise of trihydrate (for oral administration, slightly soluble in water) and sodium salt (for parenteral administration, highly soluble in water).

Solutions of this antibiotic are quickly inactivated. It does not cause noticeable irritation to tissues, does not accumulate in tissues, and is slightly toxic even at high doses.

It is acid-resistant and does not bind to blood proteins, but is destroyed by penicillin-resistant bacteria under the influence of penicillinase.

Introduced into the body ampicillin is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and rapidly distributed in the organs and tissues of the body, as well as in fluids. Partially destroyed in the stomach and intestines.

After administration, it reaches a therapeutic dose in 1-2 hours, and the effect lasts up to 6 hours. With parenteral administration, it is possible to obtain a higher concentration of the drug in the blood, but it is excreted faster.

With intramuscular injection, maximum concentrations are obtained after 30-60 minutes, but with intravenous administration - after 15-20 minutes.

The drug is well distributed in pleural, peritoneal and synovial fluids, while in sputum it is found in less small concentrations due to its destruction by enzymes.

In inflamed areas of the lungs, the content of ampicillin is higher compared to healthy areas.

In bone tissue, concentrations are found to be 50% lower than in the blood, but high concentrations are observed in the kidneys and liver. Found in the prostate gland.

In the blood of infants, ampicillin concentrations are 50% higher than in older children.

The antibiotic is excreted from the body mainly through the kidneys, in the urine observed in very high concentrations. With problems with the kidneys, it is partially excreted in the bile.

The antimicrobial effect of ampicillin is seen on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus (sensitive to penicillin), streptococcus, and pneumococcus.

Many microorganisms are sensitive to this medicine: gonococcus, meningococcus, enterococcus, listeria, gas gangrene clostridium, escherichia, salmonella, causative agents of typhoid fever, shigella, some Klebsiella and Proteus, hemophilic bacillus influenza, staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus.

Ampicillin-resistant microorganisms are: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some strains of Klebsiella, many strains of Proteus, causative agents of tularemia.

Ampicillin is characterized by a similar spectrum of action as tetracyclines and levomycetin, but is less toxic. It acts mainly on multiplying bacteria and on bacteria located inside the cells.

Ampicillin should be used only if the pathogen is sufficiently sensitive. It is of low toxicity and can be used in doses higher than usual and for a long time (for chronic pyelonephritis and septic endocarditis).

Can be used by pregnant women and infants due to low toxicity.

It is used for septic infections and for various purulent-inflammatory surgical and gynecological infections, for listeriosis, endocarditis, for some forms of meningitis, for typhoid fever.

The main side effects are: rash, intestinal dysbacteriosis, headache, depression, arthralgia.

Contraindications for ampicillin are the same as for other pencillins. It is irrational to use ampicillin in staphylococcal infections and caution is required in case of impaired liver function.

Attention! This material is for informational purposes only. Before using any methods and means of treatment, it is recommended to consult a doctor!

#ampicillin #penicillin #antibiotics #aminopenicillins

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Your Medication Varenicline

Varenicline is also known by the brand name: Chantix.

What conditions can mupirocin 2% ointment be used for? • Discover the power of mupirocin 2% ointment in this captivating video! Join us as we explore the uses and benefits of this miracle topical antibiotic. From treating impetigo to preventing infections, mupirocin is a game-changer in the world of skincare. Don't miss out on this informative journey!

00:00 • Demystifying Mupirocin: The Miracle Ointment
00:25 • What is Mupirocin?
00:47 • What Conditions is Mupirocin Used For?
01:38 • Is Mupirocin Only Used for Treating Infections?

Xyzal contains the active ingredient in Zyrtec. Frequent televised advertisements claim this anti-histamine treats such allergic symptoms as sneezing, runny nose and itchy eyes. Once selling as a prescription for about $3 a pill, it now commands a tiny fraction of the price as an over-the-counter drug. While many people still choose these supposedly non-sedating anti-histamines for allergic rhinitis; nasal corticosteroids including Flonase, Nasonex and Rhinocort are much better options.

The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) is expressed in the proximal tubule and mediates reabsorption of approximately 90 percent of the filtered glucose load. SGLT2 inhibitors promote the renal excretion of glucose and thereby modestly lower elevated blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. They do not usually cause hypoglycemia in the absence of therapies that otherwise cause hypoglycemia.

Bactrim is a useful drug that combines two antibiotics: a sulfa and trimethoprim. This drug received FDA approval in 1974 and still remains commonly prescribed. Bactrim, also simply known as TMP-SMX treats urinary tract infections or cystitis, skin infections, resistant staphylococcal infections or MRSA and middle ear infections.

Unfortunately bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to Bactrim. Improper prescriptions of Bactrim for the common cold and sore throat hasten this problem.

Sulfa drugs are notorious for inciting frequent and sometime serious adverse reactions. Hepatitis, inflamed joints, serum sickness and pancreatitis may result especially from reactions to the sulfa portion of Bactrim. Bactrim must not be consumed during pregnancy due to the high risk of congenital malformations.

Interestingly Bactrim’s benefits relate mostly to the trimethoprim component. As a result guidelines increasingly recommend prescriptions of trimethoprim alone. Results generally appear equivalent to the combined product.